1. The “camera obscura” effect is latin for "dark room". This was the first camera. The hole acted like a lens, focusing and projecting light onto the wall of the dark chamber. Inside a completely dark room, a tiny hole is created in one wall. Through the hole light is focused, and the outside scene is projected (upside down) on the opposite wall.
2. The invention was the 17th century, the modern camera came one step closer when Isaac Newton and Christian Huygens perfected the understanding of optics and the process of making high quality glass lenses.
3.  The parts of the first modern camera, 1827 Joseph Nicéphore Niépce added the final touch. He added *film* to create the first successful photograph, and the modern camera was born. A glass lens, a dark box, and film.
4.  Modern digital cameras have in common are new cameras are very easy to use, just point and shoot. The camera's built-in computer handles focus and exposure so you don't have to.
5. Digital cameras use to capture an image is replacing old-fashioned plastic film, digital cameras capture the images with an electronic sensor called a CCD. Photographs are stored on reusable computer memory devices.
6. The difference between the Auto Mode and the Program mode are auto mode the camera will completely control flash and exposure. On most cameras this is labelled "auto", on others simply "A". Some cameras only have (P)rogram. The program mode are automatic-assist, just point and shoot. Unlike full auto mode, you can usually control flash and a few other camera settings. 
7. The Portrait mode is used to attempt to blur out the background, camera will try to use the fastest available lens setting (aperture). 
8. The Sports mode is used for to freeze motion, camera will use the highest shutter speed possible. 
9. You do a half press on the trigger button to control focus, exposure, and more with the half-press shutter button technique. faster camera response time, more control over focus, encourages better composition.
10. Disabled Flash
no flash. There are many cases where you may not want flash at all. The mood of the photograph can sometimes be more dramatic when the natural light is used.
11. Auto-Flash
In most camera modes, Auto-flash is enabled by default and will automatically fire if the camera thinks it needs more light.
12. Your photo if there is too much light and the picture will be washed out.
13. If there is not enough light the picture will be too dark.
14. A “stop” is used in every aspect of photography to represent a relative change in the brightness of light. A relative measurement of light.
15. The stops brighter is the new planet are the new planet is identical to Earth, except that it has two suns instead of one.The answer is one.
16. Tops brighter is the new planet if there are four sons instead of two are two is the answer.
17. The effect a longer shutter speed of have is longer shutter speeds = more light.
18. The effect a shorter shutter speed have is shorter shutter speeds = less light.
19. The aperture control is the aperture is like a pupil. You can control the aperture by setting the "Aperture Opening", also known as an F-Stop. 
20. You increase the amount of light for aperture

Smaller F-stops numbers = larger openings

larger openings = more light.